The Salem Witch Trials Essay - 2186 Words

In 1692, a small town, by the name of Salem, in the Massachusetts Bay Colony was riveted by events that would be a significant part of our history today. Those events would be known as the Salem Witch Trials. As Americans, we should be knowledgeable about this time in our history; what caused it, what happened, and what the outcome was. Nineteen men and women were hanged from June to September of 1692, as a consequence of being accused of witchcraft. It all started in February, 1692, when Betty Parris, Reverend Samuel Parris’s daughter, became oddly ill. No one knows the exact cause of her illness, whether it was from boredom or an actual disease called â€Å"Convulsive Ergotism.† (Unknown, What Happened, Unknown). This disease begins when a person eats ergot infected rye (ergot is a fungus that invades developing kernels of rye grain, especially in warm and damp conditions, which was Salem’s summer before). This disease causes violent fits, a crawling feeling on the skin, vomiting, choking, and hallucinations. (Unknown, What Happened, Unknown). This is only a theory and does not fully explain the reason of her fits. Her fits consisted of her claiming that witches were biting and clawing at her. Since a Boston Irish washerwoman had earlier been accused of witchcraft, people in the Salem began believing that the Devil was at hand, and so they believed her and her fits. (Unknown, What Happened, Unknown) Ann Putnam, Mercy Lewis, and Mary Walcott joined the fun with Betty. TheyShow MoreRelated salem witch trial Essay1180 Words   |  5 Pagessalem witch trial This is about witchcraft and is started like this: In the winter of 1691-92, several people in Salem Village, most of them young women, but eventually including a few men and boys, began behaving in a strange unusual manner†, with an affect which was interpreted as illness. The towns minister, Samuel Parris, whose daughter and niece were among those with this odd affect, sought to cure the perceived problem with prayer; others, including a doctor of physic who was calledRead MoreSalem Witch Trial Hysteria Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesTwenty people were put to death for witchcraft in Salem during the 1692 Salem Witch Trial Hysteria. In The Crucible, a woman, Elizabeth Proctor, gets accused of witchcraft by a young girl by the name Abigail Williams, who just so happens to be having an affair with Elizabeth’s husband, John. Once John finds out Abigail accused his wife, he starts trying to find proof that all of these young girls are pretending that they are being hurt by these older women, just so that they will be hanged. The officialsRead MoreEssay about Salem witch trials1931 Words   |  8 Pages Salem Witch Trials: Casting a spell on the people Today, the idea of seeing a witch is almost inconsequential. Our Halloween holiday marks a celebration in which many will adorn themselves with pointy black hats and long stringy hair, and most will embrace them as comical and festive. Even the contemporary witchcraft religious groups forming are being accepted with less criticism. More recently, the Blair Witch movie craze has brought more fascination than fear to these dark and magical figuresRead MoreEssay on The Theories of the Salem Witch Trials1135 Words   |  5 PagesThe Theories of the Salem Witch Trials The Salem Witch trials and what caused them is very debatable. Some theories lead to Rye poisoning from bread to even people faking it. The most believable claim is that people were faking it. Everyone had a motive and they all just wanted to save themselves. It was a time when people were selfish and only cared for themselves. This time in Salem was a troubling time, making it seem likely that satan was active (Linder). The townsfolk are believed to haveRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials The witch trials of the late 1600s were full of controversy and uncertainty. The Puritan town of Salem was home to most of these trials, and became the center of much attention in 1692. More than a hundred innocent people were found guilty of practicing witchcraft during these times, and our American government forced over a dozen to pay with their lives. The main reasons why the witch trials occurred were conflicts dealing with politics, religion, family, economicsRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials, taking place between February 1692 and May 1693, arose from a period of mass hysteria regarding witchcraft. The puritanical society of New England emphasized a need for a Bible-based society, which caused a fear of the supernatural and gave rise to the false accusations of â€Å"witches.† With testimonies of witches rooted in the Old Testament, the idea of witchcraft eventually made its way into the superstitious and everyday Puritan life, and was fueled by the rejection of theRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Essay2008 Words   |  9 Pageswomen and men. The madness continued for over four months. The notorious witch trials of Salem, Massachusetts occurred from June through September. It is a brief, but turbulent period in history and the causes of the trials have long been a source of discussion among historians. Many try to explain or rationalize the bizarre happenings of the witch hunts and the causes that contributed to them. To understand the trials and how they came to be, we must first examine the ideals and views of the peopleRead MoreSalem Witch Trials Essay1478 Words   |  6 Pages1692 marked a major event in history in the town of Salem, Massachusetts. The Salem Witchcraft Trials still leaves this country with so many questions as to what happened in that small town. With all the documentation and accounts of the story, people are still wondering why 19 people died as a result of these trials. This paper will discuss the events leading up to the Salem Witch Trials and the events that took place during and after the trials, and the men and women who were killed or spent theRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Essay1349 Words   |  6 PagesBefore 1692, the supernatural was a part of people’s everyday normal life. This is so as people strongly believed that Satan was present and active on earth. Men and women in Salem Village believed that all the misfortunes that befell them were the work of the devil. For example, when things like infant death, crop failures or friction among the congregation occurred, people were quick to blame the supernatural. This concept first emerged in Europe around the fifteenth century and then spread toRead More Salem Witch Trials Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesSalem Witch Trials The Salem Witch Trials was probably considered the darkest time for the New England Colony. This was a mass murder of women and a few men that were supposed witches. All of this started from two little girls and a bacteria in the bread that affected the brain. This all started on January 20,1692 when nine-year-old Elizabeth Parris and eleven-year-old Abigail Williams started to exhibit strange behavior. Blasphemous screaming, Seizures, Trance-like states and Mysterious

Avec French Preposition Meaning With

The French preposition avec is used much like its English equivalent, with. Accompaniment Jirai avec toi.Ill go with you. Il est daccord avec nous.He agrees with us. Cause On oublie tout avec le temps.One forgets everything with/in time. Tu mà ©nerves avec ce bruit.Youre bothering me with this noise. Additions (et) avec à §a?anything else? Jai froid et avec à §a jai faim.Im cold, and besides that Im hungry. With a Noun to Translate Many English Adverbs avec joiejoyfully avec colà ¨reangrily Expressions With Avec attacher lundi avec mardito button ones shirt wrong se fà ¢cher avec quelquunto get mad at someone se lever avec le jourto get up at the crack of dawn se mettre en rapport avecto get in touch with prendre des gants avec quelquunto handle someone with kid gloves Antonym: sans

Infant / Early Childhood Juvenile Delinquency Prevention ...

INFANCY/ EARLY CHILDHOOD 1 Infant/ Early Childhood Juvenile Delinquency Prevention: Theory, Policy, and Action Megan A. Harper University of Houston - Clear Lake INFANT/ EARLY CHILDHOOD 2 Abstract Juvenile delinquency is a serious, costly problem that undermines the health and well-being of our nation’s families and communities. Identifying childhood, youth and family risk factors is vital in the prevention of juvenile offending behavior and juvenile court involvement. An ecological view of child development which treats children through their broader environment rather than through isolated intervention has proven to be highly effective. By improving parents’ interactions with these systems, and by helping them to support their child’s physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional development, early intervention programs make positive changes in overall functioning that is making children more effective in a variety of social contexts. INFANT/ EARLY CHILDHOOD 3 Juvenile delinquency is a serious, costly problem that undermines the health and well-being of our nation’s families and communities. The price of juvenile delinquency and pre-delinquent behavior is high in both fiscal and social terms. Delinquent behavior taxes our economical resources through the cost of care for incarcerated juveniles, as well as produces many costs that are difficult to quantify, such as the creationShow MoreRelated The Development of Childhood Throughout History Essay3065 Words   |  13 PagesThroughout the history of childhood development poor social and economic conditions contributed to the many hardships and poor treatment of children. During the early Middle Ages the paternalist family concept evolved and the father had authority and control over family matters including the welfare and safety of his wife and children. Discipline was severe, young children both poor and wealthy were subjected to strict rules and regulations and often beaten if d isobedient. Children took on theRead MoreProblems of Society (Law, Crime, Punishment)7483 Words   |  30 Pagesprovisions in the law of the land. The most important objectives of capital punishment are deterrence - conveying a message that such acts will not be tolerated in the society, and incapacitation - making sure that the person doesnt repeat such heinous action/s. The different methods used to carry out death penalty executions today include hanging, electrocution, lethal injection, and firing squad. Inclusion of capital punishment as a part of the judicial process has been a subject of debate since quiteRead MoreProblems and Issues in Implementing of Ra 9344 of Isabela9768 Words   |  40 PagesThese children present great concern to parents and the community at large. The prevention of delinquency requires identifying at-risk individuals and their environments before delinquent activity and behavior occur, and then removing such risk factors or strengthening resistance t o the risk factors already present. The most logical starting place for prevention efforts is family . The prevention of delinquency requires identifying at-risk individuals and their environments before delinquentRead MoreJuvenile Offenders Essay3210 Words   |  13 PagesStanley JUVENILE OFFENDERS AND THE DEATH PENATLY Juvenile Offenders and the ideas of how to punish them for their crimes has been a national topic of discussion with just about everyone you meet. From the local politicians to the concerned parent who worries about their children. What punishment juveniles should receive has always been a sensitive subject. From state to state, city to city the views and opinions vary and varies on what should be the correct punishment for a juvenile offenderRead MoreReducing Risk Factors of Children’s Resilience Essay2432 Words   |  10 Pagesfield and its regard is reflected in both the commercial non fiction literature as well as in academic texts (Hornby, 1998). To understand why this topic is receiving such constructive support, it is helpful to frame the issue of childhood resiliency in the existing context of health and social service improvement. It is quite apparent that societies are in the middle of an overall shift in values and attitude with regard to what creates and supports health and well beingRead MoreThe Impact on Child Neglect on Self- Esteem Essay4259 Words   |  18 Pagesalcohol has on the body and on the human brain, parents, after they have been drinking, unconsciously neglect their children. Alcohol makes a person do things that they normally would not do. They are not fully aware of their surroundings or their actions when they are under the influence. There have been plenty of times when the parent says something while under the influence, that they come to regret later on. These substance abusers end up neglecting their children without even realizing it, notRead MorePoverty and Social Work Essay example8858 Words   |  36 Pages13 American colonies and the subsequent states. Chapter 2: Colonial America Due to an abundance of resources and a sparse population, destitution was not nearly as prevalent in colonial America as it was in England. However, the Parliamentary policy of sending beggars, convicts, vagrants, etc did not help the situation of new immigrants. Eventually colonies had to deal with the poor and infirm- this was especially true by the mid-17th century when increases in the population and its diversityRead MoreDomestic violence Essay examples7765 Words   |  32 Pagesderegulated aggression from an early age that may later contribute to continuing the legacy of abuse when they reach adulthood. Domestic violence often happens in the context of forced and child marriage. Alcohol consumption and mental illness can be co-morbid with abuse, and present additional challenges in eliminating domestic violence. Management of domestic violence may take place through medical services, law enforcement, counseling, and other forms of prevention and intervention. TraditionallyRead MoreViolence in Public Schools4835 Words   |  20 Pagesbullying than older students (Algozzine, 93). Parents’ concerns and perceptions were along the same lines as the teachers’ perceptions; parents that stay in touch with teachers and listen to teachers’ issues, know that the main interfering actions that disrupt schools aren’t killings and shootings. Rather, according to Ashford (2001) parents understand that 80 percent of all problems teachers deal with are â€Å"nonviolent infractions† of rules (profanity, disruptive behavior, tardiness, etc.);Read MoreSubstance Abuse15082 Words   |  61 PagesDISEASE COULD BE CONTROLLED * Attend special clinics set up to provide treatment at the first suggestion of any infection, treatment may be more effective if detected at an early stage. * Trace all the sexual contacts and inform them of the likelihood of infection. This will help to minimise the spread of the infection. * Early treatment as we have seen is essential both to prevent serious damage to the patient and to reduce the chances of spreading the disease. * Infections in most cases is caused

The Effect of Motivation on Language Learning Essay

The concept of motivation has been the subject of many studies and is considered a crucial determinant of successful achievement in the field of language learning. A motivating learning environment has to support the education process. It generates learning initially and later will guide the process of acquiring a target language (Cheng Dornyei, 2007). Teachers have long recognized that motivation is centered to problem-solving in education. Motivation is the key factor in getting students involved in the learning process and in keeping them engaged at their level of academic performance (Oliver, 1995). Many researchers point out that a persons behavior is predicted by his intentions which are determined by the attitudes of his†¦show more content†¦The intrinsic motivation is divided into three types: intrinsic motivation to know (IM-Knowledge); intrinsic motivation towards accomplishment (IM-Accomplishment), and intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation (IM- Stimu lation). IM-knowledge refers to the motivation necessary to perform an activity for the related pleasure of developing knowledge and new ideas. IM-accomplishment however, is the feeling associated with attempts to achieve a goal or master a task. IM- stimulation refers to motivation based on the sensations stimulated by doing a task, i.e. fun and excitement (Carreira, 2005). Teachers can exploit stimulating tasks to increase motivation by engaging students creatively. Such tasks can increase critical thinking and promote autonomy (Guthrie, et al., 2006). Obenchain and Aberathy (2003) conclude that creating a positive classroom community that can empower students is important. They show that there are three simple strategies to follow: facilitate a sense of inclusion; create an environment where the students feel that they are a part of the classroom and are more welcome, and facilitate a sense of influence: allow a sense of control and choice, and allow the students to have a voice . The classroom community can be facilitating the process of education and teachers can do much to make this happen. MotivationShow MoreRelatedMotivation has been defined by Ellis (2006) as â€Å"The attitudes and effective states that influence1200 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation has been defined by Ellis (2006) as â€Å"The attitudes and effective states that influence the degree of effort that learners make to learn an L2†. It is thought to be one of the main factors that influence a learner’s success or failure in learning a second language. Affective variables, including attitude, orientation, anxiety and motivation have been shown to be at least as important as language aptitude for predicting L2 achievement (Gardner, 1985), and motivation is now thought to beRead MoreAction Research. Research Has Shown That Technology Can1498 Words   |  6 PagesAction Research Research has shown that technology can support and enhance language learning. Technology can have many positive effects on learning, especially language learning, by supporting learners and the learning environment. However, students still have to communicate with people. They still need to share their thoughts, feelings, and opinions with peers and educators. They need to share what they have learned with others. Technology definitely connects people and can bring them togetherRead MoreThe Success Of Second Language Acquisition1547 Words   |  7 Pagessecond language acquisition consists of various psychological factors related to a person’s emotions (affective factors) toward the L2 being learned. According to Hui Ni, â€Å"[a]ffective factors are the most important factors in SLA† (2012, p.1508). Affective issues may arise from factors such as motivation, self-confidence, attitude, or anxiety. However, these issues may be solved through the proper guidance a nd constant encouragement of an instructor. How Affective Factors Relate to Language LearningRead MoreLanguages Are Learned Mainly Through Imitation1539 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER 7 POPULAR IDEAS ABOUT LANGUAGE LEARNING: FACTS AND OPINIONS 1. Language are learned mainly through imitation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leaners produce many novel sentences that they could not have heard before. Children do not imitate everything they hear, but often selectively imitate certain words or structures that they are in the process of learning. Second language learners produce many sentences that they could not have heard. They are like children learning their first language.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2. Parents usuallyRead MoreMotivation And Motivation For Second Language Learning1418 Words   |  6 PagesMotivation occurs in classroom settings but it can occur outside the classroom such as in the community where the learner is living. If a learner observed others speaking the language proficiently around them, then the language learner will be motivated to learn the second language and communicate it proficiently. According to Lightbrown and Spada (2013) defines motivation in second language learning as a â€Å"complex phenomenon† and contains two factors: learners’ communicative needs, and their attitudesRead MorePresessional 2014The Use Of Elearning Is900 Words   |  4 PagesThe use of e-learning is becoming increasingly common on a range of courses in universities. To what extent is this beneficial for your chosen field of study? Ya Ping Huang P13193850 Group 14 E-learning has developed over ten years and has had a huge effect for students on different courses in the universities. Actually, it is a new kind of technology used to support the learning and teaching, such as radio, music, magazine and web pages. The features of e-learning are that is canRead MoreEffects Of Anxiety On Second Language Writing Essay1574 Words   |  7 Pagesanother person. A couple of reasons might be due to motivation or identity to the language. One other reason could be due to anxieties learning a language. Throughout my life, I have heard a lot about second language speaking and listening anxieties, but I have not heard much about how anxiety or writing anxieties can affect second language writing. Therefore, I wanted to look more into the research and conduct research on the correlations of second language anxieties and writing. Through my research, thereRead MoreOther Ways Other than Formal Schooling for Learning Core Subjects1305 Words   |  6 Pageswante d to obtain a GCSE qualification in English. During the observations, there were many themes obtained from the placement. In this reflective overview, aspects such as motivation to learn and culture and diversity will be explored further to provide explanations coming from the psychological perspectives. Themes: Motivation to Learn In one individual scenario, on the placement, one student created a PowerPoint presentation that received the teachers compliments with how excellent the pieceRead MoreEssay on Age and Second Language Acquisition1486 Words   |  6 Pagesdual immersion programs in schools and the widespread notion that language acquisition is something that needs to happen early on life, is there an ideal age to learn a second language (L2)? Wilder Penfield and Lamar Roberts first introduced the idea that there is a â€Å"critical period† for learning language in 1959. This critical period is a biologically determined period referring to a period of time when learning/acquiring a language is relatively easy and typically meets with a high degree of successRead MoreWhat Produces The Biggest Impact On Learning?1546 Words   |  7 Pagesproduces the biggest impact on learning? One major goal of instructional designers as well as teachers is to promote students learning efficacy. Efficacy is defined as power or capacity to produce a desired effect. In the context of learning sciences, efficacy could be used to describe students’ learning effectiveness. In classrooms, students motivation, cognitive skills as well as teachers devotion could have strong impacts on students learning effectiveness. Learning scientists have been investing

Psych review Free Essays

There are many different ways to see something and everyone has a different way of perceiving things as real or fake. There are many different ways of looking at something and every single person has a right to look at things in their own unique way. Holder had a way of looking at things very differently as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Psych review or any similar topic only for you Order Now The phrase â€Å"Everyone is innocent until proven guilty’ was not something that Holder went by. His thought of way or the phrase that Holder went by was â€Å"Everyone is a phony until proven otherwise† which was a very bad way of looking at things. His personality was more of a cynical type because Holder didn’t always look at things as the glass is half full type. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Slinger, the protagonist Holder Coalfield is really unable to accept people for what they are and for those that he cant accept, he marks them as phonies and whomever he doesn’t think is pure or true is a phony as well. Holder has different things that classify people as phony and one of the many things is that he believes all hypocrites are phonies. A person that he claims is a phony due to hypocrisy would be Johannesburg. Holder starts with what Johannesburg has to do with him and he explains that Johannesburg used to be a student at Pence and after graduating he had become a biggish through his business. What his business was that â€Å"he started these undertaking parlors all over the country that you could get members of your family buried for five bucks apiece† (16). At first it seems that Holder is impartial to what Johannesburg does and doesn’t care how he makes his money. It seems as if Holder could be saying that Johannesburg is a kind soul for giving cheap burial services to those grieving families of those innocent people. But he later says that â€Å"he probably Just shoves them in a sack and dumps them in the river† (16). By saying this, it is easily shown that Holder is criticizing the methods of work that Johannesburg partakes even though he doesn’t know him and doesn’t know anything about him and who Johannesburg really is as a person. This assumption of Johannesburg Just dumping the bodies, shows that Holder believes that he has no morals and is a cheap person. He believes that Johannesburg is stealing from the poor people who are grieving over a loss. So Holders current view of Johannesburg is not the est. because he believes that he is a selfish man who has no thought. What really got to Holder was when Johannesburg said that â€Å"when he was in some kind of trouble or something,† he would â€Å"get right down on his knees and pray to god. He told us we should always pray to God–talk to Him and all– wherever we were. He told us we ought to think of Jesus as our buddy and all† (16-17). What Holder thought that Johannesburg was saying was that everyone should pray devoutly and be truthful and also that they should have integrity. After this is done, Holder then realizes that Johannesburg is a real gig hypocrite because on one side, he is telling the students to be truthful, have integrity, and also pray devoutly but then on the other hand he is stealing from grieving people who have done nothing wrong. He is very hypocritical and Holder can see through his cover. Or it could be that Johannesburg in reality is a good man who in fact does not toss bodies into the river and steals from the grieving people. In fact Johannesburg could be burying the dead people into the ground for cheap because he has some connections but Holder would not know. Holder could Just be making these accusations and assumptions to cover up the fact that Johannesburg really was an honest and truthful man who helped people bury the dead for cheap and an affordable cost. Another thing that Holder classifies as phoniness could be that people who think that they are better than other are infant phonies. An example of people who think that they are better than others would be Mr.. Has, who was a headmaster at Election Hills which was another school that had expelled Holder. He says that on â€Å"Sundays, for instance, old Has went around shaking hands tit everybody’s parents when they drove up to school. He’d be charming as hell and all. Except if some boy had little old funny-looking parents† (14). Mr.. Has didn’t necessarily think that he was better than others but Holder believed that he thought that people who weren’t perfect looking, didn’t deserve his most respect. If Mr.. Has was going around shaking hands and talking to the parents of the kids that attended his school, he should not have looked as if he didn’t like people that weren’t perfect. Holder then says that â€Å"you should’ve seen the way he did with my roommate’s parents† (14). By saying this, he is implying that this roommate’s parents were interacted with inappropriately meaning he did not converse with them and did not act the nicest towards them. By saying this, Holder is providing an example of Mr.. Has being unkind and differentiating the parents of the students which implies that the child’s parents were not good enough for him. What he did was â€Å"shake hands with them and give them a phony smile and then he’d go talk, maybe a half an hour, with somebody else’s parents† (14). He is giving proof of his claim which was saying that Mr.. Has was a phony and that is why. In reality, the proof that he is providing could Just have been with the parent’s of his roommate and not anyone else. Holder is truly unable to accept anyone for who they are and is using phoniness as a cover. It could be that Mr.. Has had an altercation or an argument with the parents of his roommates and Holder only saw that he would ignore those parents and so he made his assumptions based off of that which does change the way one would look at things. Another way Holder classifies someone as a phony is when he is Jealous of mom people like when Sally Hayes meets George outside right after the play. She â€Å"always knew somebody, any place you took her, or thought she did. She kept saying that till I got bored as hell, and I said to her, Why don’t you go on over and give a big soul kiss, if you know him? He’ll enjoy it† (127). The way Holder is talking and is behaving, it can be seen that Holder is obviously jealous of the fact that she knows so many people. He feels that someone else will take her away and his only response to that would obviously be that to blame or accuse them of being phony. Then when he talks about their inversion and says â€Å"it was the phoniest conversation you ever heard in your life† (127). That really sounds like a person who is seriously Jealous that Sally is talking to someone else. He is hating the fact that George and Sally are connecting over some simple and small topics like places and people. He then went on and kept insulting George but not out loud which showed jealousy. He uses phoniness as a cover to to mask his Jealousy. Holder is truly unable to accept people for as they seem like in this situation with George and Sally. While George is talking to Sally as a kind person, Holder is hinging up things to explain why he thinks George and Sally are phonies. In reality, Holder is actually refusing to accept that George and Sally are Just friends who happened to not interact with each other after a long time and are now reconnecting their friendships. Holder first says that they have probably only met once before and is Just making assumptions to call them phony as he does with everyone. He really can not accept people for who they are and actually uses phoniness to cover up that one fact. There may in fact be people in the world who are phony, but the way Holder classifies people is not right and incorrect. He believes that most, if not all, people are phonies and this view of things is not true. In reality, Holder actually uses Phoniness to cover for the fact that he cant see people for who they truly are like with Mr.. Has and how he only saw him behave badly towards his roommates parents, and how he thinks Johannesburg is a hypocrite but in truth could be a true man or how Jealousy made him classify Sally and George as phonies. His claims of phoniness are Just covers so that he doesn’t have to see people for who they truly are. How to cite Psych review, Papers

Fracking The Dangers Of Frackings Essay Example For Students

Fracking : The Dangers Of Frackings Essay The Dangers of FrackingFracking is quickly becoming a debatable topic in our society today. The practice involves injecting fluid into the ground to fracture rock in order to release natural gas. It sounds like it would be a safe way to harness fuels in the earth’s surface, but it actually is a danger to our environment. Because of the dangers of fracking, what little fresh water remains on earth is being contaminated. It is also releasing toxins into the airs creating contaminated air and acid rain. Because of the many health and environmental dangers of fracking, it should be stopped immediately to help prevent more worldwide health issues down the road. The process of fracking is very simple. Around 800 gallons of water is used as the base of what is called fracking fluid. Along with this, sand and 600 toxic chemicals are used to create the fluid. The fluid is then transported from a manufacturing plant to the site. It is then injected at high pressures into the ground through dilled pipelines. The fluid contains chemicals that keep these pipes from rusting over time. The fluid then reaches a well where it causes the nearby shale rock to fracture. This releases any trapped fuel in the rocks. Gravity and pressure is then used to force the fluid out of the pipes back to the surface. The fluid is then taken and left it large holes to evaporate. This causes release of chemicals and also leakage into ground water (Dangers of Fracking). One of the biggest natural resources used in fracking is water. On average, around one to eight million gallons of water are used on a fracture job. There are also around 500,000 active fracture sites around the world and each site can be fractured around 18 times. This means that roughly 72 trill. .king have been placed on shale fracking. This is where fuel is fracked from the harder surfaces, causing more affects to the earth. They do allow tight gas fracking, which is not a dangerous (Inside Climate News). Either form of fracking have many worried about what the future of the country will be. No matter how you look at the effects of fracking, the loose is greater than the gain. It could help the country economically, by providing many jobs and being able to produce our own fuels. We would save a lot of money, but would be wasting our environment. The effects of the chemicals used would slowly be killing us. They would be left in our ground water and we would consume this without even knowing. Our water sources would become so contaminated that we would not be able to consume it. If we do not stop fracking now, we will only be asking for a dangerous future.

Illegal Slave Trade in Mauritius free essay sample

When the British conquered Mauritius in 1810, slave import was effectively banned and the slave market turned into a local one, until the abolition of slavery in 1835. In his book The Slave Legacy, Jacques David notes that: One main issue was owing to set the island on fire once more: in England, the Government voted the Slave Abolition Act in 181 0 and the Slave Trade Felony Act was registered in Mauritius in 1813. Therefore, it would be during the governance of Sir Robert Townsend Fraught that Mauritius would start witnessing the persistence of Illegal Slave Trade. By 1826, Fraught was reprimanded in the court of justice for never prosecuting the slave traders.The main reasons behind this persistence of slave trade may be because of: Parquets leniency, the corrupted officials, lack of labor force, the quest for development, the French laws, etc. All these will be emphasized in the following paragraphs * Background To The Slave Trade Act In England, public feelings against slavery and slave owners were being roused through the intervention of humanitarians in the British Parliament. We will write a custom essay sample on Illegal Slave Trade in Mauritius or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Deckhand Napalm notes that: In 1 787, leaders of anti-slavery movement among whom were Granville Sharp and Wildflower, pleaded in bold terms for the good treatment of the slaves class instead of exploiting them as if they were senseless creatures. In 1 806, Granville made a passionate speech where he argued that the trade was contrary to the principles of justice, immunity and sound policy, and criticized fellow members for not having abolished the trade long ago. When the vote was taken, the Abolition of the Slave Trade bill was passed in the House of Lords by 41 votes to 20. In the House of Commons, it was carried by 114 to 15 and it became law on the 25th of March 1807. British captains who were caught continuing the trade were fined El 00 for every slave found on board. This law, however, did not stop the British slave trade. If slave ships were in danger of being captured by the British navy, captains often reduced the fines they had to pay by ordering the laves to be thrown into the sea.Consequently, when Fraught became governor of Mauritius in 181 0, he was unwilling to enforce the Abolition Act of 1807 and made enquiries at the Colonial office whether this Act, as well as the Penal Act of 1811 was to be applied on Mauritius. Deckhand Napalm writes that: Fraught was of opinion that the laws could not be applied to Mauritius because it was a British Colony only since the last month of 181 0, conquered long after the abolition act. * Sir Robert Townsend Fraught Sir Robert Townsend Fraught was born on the 14th of October 1 776 in England. He was appointed governor of Mauritius after the conquest and capitulation of Ill De France from the French on the 3rd of December 1810.This conquest brought about an end to the ninety years of the French administration on the Island. Ill De France was renamed Mauritiu s and it was formally given to Britain at the treaty of Paris in 1815. The British guaranteed the inhabitants their customs, their laws, language and religion. Deckhand Napalm notes that: When Fraught took the Government of the newly conquered island, the slave population rose to 60,000 out of a total population of 80,500. It was quite an excessive number and nearly three quarters of the population of the island. * Problem: Which Law To Follow? There was, however, a problem on the question of trade. The French and the British laws differed equally.Then which law was to be applied to the Island if the existing French law said one thing and the British colonial said something different? The French followed The Slave Code which was a French Colonial Law, but the British had already abolished slave trade in its colonies by the year 1810. Deckhand Napalm notes that: On the arrival of the English, the French colonists considered the slaves to be their property by right of possession, being unwilling to tolerate the interference of the British Government. Hence the first British Governor of Mauritius had the difficult task of governing the island during the transition period of the take over and the adaptation of the inhabitants in the new regime. Slavery, as we can see here, was indispensable for the colony to survive. By that time, all British colonies had to strictly not indulge in slave trade. Sir Robert Fraught will thus make an appeal to the Earl of Liverpool in the following words: Slavery s known throughout the world, and forms a special head of law even in some of the British colonies in the East Indies; and it is impossible to conceive how some of those establishments could be upheld without it. .. Thus according to Fraught, if theres no slavery, there would be no colony, and labor force is important for a colony to progress. Above all, paid labor is very expensive.So, Fraught was in favor of this trade and pleaded the British Government to grant his colony permission to continue with it. Liverpool, however, warned Fraught on strong tones that he had to strictly abide by the laws eased at the British Parliament with the approval of His Majesty. Liverpool maintained that these laws concerning the slave trade were based on principles. These principles were from religious men who argued that slavery was a sin against God. He warned Fraught in the following words: l am inclined to hope that you will not have suffered any slaves to be imported into the islands under your government, until you shall have received the necessary explanation upon the subject from home. * Various Challenges Fraught Faced During the same period, we would notice that Sir Robert Fraught was entrusted with the most delicate task as a governor. He was required to establish British rule in a colony which was previously a French one. He had also the duty to convince Mauritania of French origin to accept the new regime without hostility and to please them at the same time. These were two difficult challenges Fraught had to face up with. Miniaturization Farm writes Of him as follows: Being an administrator, he tried and succeeded to get his work done in a peaceful way. By doing so, he intelligently avoided many problems which could be created and associated with the change of overspent Governor F-regular did almost everything not to upset the French colonists.Jacques David quotes him saying: My opinion is that the maintenance of the British Authority in the colony will materially depend on the coalition of the established inhabitants of the island, and on the degree in which the terms of the capitulation may consult their personal interests, as connected with the security of their property, with the advantageous dispersal of the products of the island and with their safety against insurrection of their slaves. During his administration, Fraught encouraged amerce and allowed Port Louis to operate as a free port. Any ship belonging to any nation could freely enter the harbor. Deckhand Nap writes that Fraught did not pay attention to the navigation laws which he had been asked to enforce. The French merchant ships liked the idea of maintaining their trade and this made them respond positively to the new government.The idea of making the French happy will create greater problem later when General Hall would blame the French and their laws for promoting the cause of Slave Trade on the Island. For the time being, the issue of slave trade is still considered as illegal in Mauritius. Illegal slave trade was not put into force on the Island and Fraught did not stop the importation and entry of the slaves altogether, but he made it difficult for the planters to bring more. Miniaturization Farm writes that Fraught was: Aware of their efforts to continue as before for which reason he did not make any law to punish them. Rather, while being kind and considerate, he also made it difficult by exercising some checks and control. In reply to the Earl of Liverpool, Fraught assured that: l beg leave, in reply, to assure your lordship, that every precaution has been oaken on the part of the government, to prevent the importation of slaves Thus, on one hand, he was able to discourage slave trade, and on the other hand, he did not take severe action against those who were involved in it. This strategy from Fraught was applied so as not to bring about conflict and chaotic situations in the colony as the colonists were themselves in need of labor. Thus, this leniency adopted by Fraught towards this illegal practice acted as incentive for slave traders to be indulged deeply in this trade. Some Cases Of Illegal Slave Trade Caught In The ColonyDespite the fact that Fraught was rather lenient with the slave owners and the slave trade, we can see from the various documents or dispatches that efforts were being done by the Governor to discourage this illegal activity which made its way on the Island. For instance, in the dispatch addressed to the Earl of Liverpool on the 26th of October 1811, Fraught claimed of capturing two vessels which came from Madagascar with 335 slaves, Of which 217 only agreed in description with those for whom permission had been granted; the remaining 1 1 8 therefore appeared to have been embarked or the purpose of being fraudulently introduced into these colonies. Other cases were recorded in 1812. Fraught stated the seizure of 75 blacks from Bourbon who were surreptitiously introduced into the colony as slaves. Also, a certain Mr. John May was recorded to be involved in the unlawful trade of Slavery.Fraught writes to Earl of Liverpool that Mr. May: Afforded a conveyance for one hundred and one slaves on board that vessel, from Madagascar to Bourbon. .. Captain Lynn was also suspected to be involved in such trade from Teammate to Mauritius, but he was later found innocent. Fraught also assured the Earl of Liverpool that necessary measures were being taken to ameliorate the condition of the existing legal slaves in general. * The Slave Trade Felony Act In 1813 When the Secretary of State for colonies learnt about his negligence, Fraught was reprimanded. It was then that the law was registered in Mauritius in 1813 in the name of Slave Trade Felony Act.The British Government passed a number of laws in regard with slave trade, but there was strong opposition from the slave owners. The colonists who were involved in illegal slave trading protested vigorously against it and boycotted he registration of slaves. They had different interests from that of the abolitionists. At the same time, Deckhand Napalm points out that these slave owners: Were afraid that at any time, another law might be passed in the British Parliament, freeing all slaves, which would cause them considerable financial loss. To control slaves, registration was important, but in Mauritius, registration was badly done as sometimes, the planters falsified them. For the first time, slaves would be given a surname along with their name.This registration, by giving a surname to the slaves, helps to combat against slave read. Fraught proved to be too tolerant for the colonists, especially the French ones. Hence illicit slave trade continued and slaves, by then, were being smuggled to Mauritius at night time in small boats, carrying within them, as many as 100 slaves at a time, and above all, in deplorable inhuman conditions. Jacques David further writes that: An Order in Council, voted on 24th September 1 814, requiring the registration of slaves, was published in Mauritius one year later, that is, in 1815. In relation to the British Parliament, if F-regular were to allow slave trade to continue in the colony, the BritishGovernment would not, at any cost, let such situation prevail and London insisted that the registration be made. So, we can see here that the registration of the slaves would prevent the prevailing of cases of illegal slave t rade which was not the case before. Otherwise, the previous situation before the registration system can be said to be one of the reasons for the persistence of this undesirable act. Sir Robert Fraught, however, pressurized by the colonists desire to own slaves, remained negligent about this new act and consequently he was removed from office. He was replaced y General Hall and Jacques David writes: Far from being lenient on this issue, (Hall) tried to apply the law in its stricter terms. This caused uproar.Fraught was recalled and, upon his return, on 5th June 1820, the colonist warmly welcomed him. * The Malagasy Treaty With Radars In 1817 Before he was removed from officer Sir Robert Fraught made treaties with the King of Madagascar in 1817, and later, with the Imam of Muscat in 1822 to prevent their countries from selling slaves to slave traders. This was to show that he was concerned with the abolition of this illegal business. By 181 7, Fraught made a treaty with Radars, the King of Madagascar to stop slave trade. Fraught argued in a dispatch addressed to Earl Bathurst that this treaty was essential to attain the aims and objectives of the British Parliament, which was to abolish slave trade.Initially, Radars refused to accept this treaty as he wanted to sell slaves in order to get guns, weapons and revenue to modernism his country. Fraught, however, managed to persuade him, after many trials, to stop slave trade, and in exchange, he would be given what he wanted, of an estimated amount of 20001 sterling as mention in the Dispatch: The expenses which this government incurs by this treaty may be estimated at about 2,0001 Sterling per annum The funds which I have effected for the discharge Of this subsidy arise from sources of the colonial revenue. .. It was impossible to obtain such a treaty, without giving to Radars that equivalence to power According to some historians, Fraught used this treaty as a pretext to influence Imperial Policy in Madagascar.Also we can deduce that this was a tactic from his part to show the authorities in the British parliament that he was devoted to abolish this unlawful trade of Slavery. Anthony Barker toes that: Parquets whole policy of dealing with Radars, including the promotion of Madagascar mission, was design to divert attention away from Mauritius itself. Nevertheless, Fraught would be reprimanded by the authorities and will thus have to leave the Island at 1817. During his absence from 1 9th of November 181 7, until his return on the 5th of February 1 820, Fraught was replaced by three acting governors. The first governor was the Major General Gage Hall, which would be replaced by Colonel Dillydally, which would again be replaced by Major General Darling. * Corruption Found During The Fraught Era (1810-1822)During the absence of Fraught from Mauritius, the acting governors who replaced him would bring light on some of the illicit dealings and smugglings that took place on the Island. Unlike Fraught, the first Major General, Gage Hall, was a stern man of principles and he did not make use of diplomacy in his dealings with the slave owners, but blamed them op enly for their illicit slave trade. Anthony Barker writes that: In 1818-19 during his (Parquets) absence in Britain, two contemporary governors raised serious doubts about, not only the wisdom and efficiency, but also the honesty of his administration. General Hall reported that the slave trade had attain a daring pitch here.He also acknowledged the fact that this was partly because the executive authority is hampered with all those French and delays of the law, which are calculated to favor that traffic. As we will go through the documents, we would see that Hall repudiated Parquets treaty with Radars, claiming that since it had been signed in 1817, not less than 1700 slaves had been introduced from Madagascar to Mauritius. It was for this reason that Hall brought about new rigorous policies on the Island. He ordered troops to be stationed throughout the Island and fishermen were all prevented from sailing at night to stop the various clandestine landings of slaves.All these created rifts between Hall and the local populations, but the General was determined to stop this trade at any cost. * Corrupted Officials In The Colony General Hall, during his stay on the Island, also denounced many of the officials in the colony. For instance, there was the case of Louis Blanchard, the Civil Commissary, who had beaten a black in Savanna for giving information about major landing of new slaves. He was eventually suspended by Hall. The Chief Justice of Court, George Smith, nearly opposed every act of Halls orders. Anthony Barker quotes Hall saying that: George Smith, as a major accomplice, had done everything possible to parallelize (sic) any efforts or disposition I may take to interrupt this trade, and punish the offenders. Also, Smith had enraged Hall by acquitting three accused slave traders, namely Debugging, Mate and Serrate. Later, Hall included in the list of suspended officials: the Chief Justice, M. Smith, the Grief of the Court; the Procure General, M. Virtue; and the collector of Customs, M. Draper, due to the allure of the Court to deal conveniently with cases of smuggling. Deckhand Nap, however, notes that: In 1818, November, all these officials were restored to their respective posts, while General Hall was recalled to England. According to the Earl of Labeler and General Hall, Fraught was in favor of slavery and did not have the least intention of carrying out the provisions of the slave trade Abolition Act.Deckhand Napalm quotes them saying that: He cared more to make himself acceptable to the French planters than to relieve the sufferings of the downtrodden slaves who toiled and sweated, ragging the heavy carts and loads throughout the country, arduous labor us table only for beasts of burden' * Major General Darling When Hall was recalled to England, Colonel Dillydally acted as governor during this period until the next arrival of the acting Governor, Major General Darling. Dillydally was an easy going man and he did not earn the hostility of the people as Hall before him and Darling after him. Major General Darling, like General Hall, condemned and blamed the planters for their unlawful slave trade. He also wanted to abolish this trade, unlike Fraught. In fact, Anthony Barker notes that: Even before he had officially assumed office, he was writing to the authorities in Britain of the large numbers of unregistered slaves in the Island Darling was to the view that the illegal landing could be avoided only by new controls, both maritime and military, and during his administration on the Island, he was requested by the fishermen to remove Halls restrictions on their nocturnal sailings. But, he proclaimed that: New Negroes, in considerable numbers, have lately been smuggled into the island through the means of the fishermen. Darling deiced that the possessing class was not only against the abolition of slave trade, but they were bent on causing the ruin of those who were in favor of abolition. Anthony Barker argued that: It was, no doubt, easier for temporary governors such as Hall and Darling to challenge this French Plutocracy than it had been for Fraught, who had presided over the uneasy transition from French to British ruleYet there is strong evidence to support Halls implicit, and Edward Beams direct, allegations that Fraught himself, in conjunction with Charles Atelier and other British cronies, had a irrupt personal stake in Mauritius slavery and the clandestine of slave trade. Thus, we can see that Hall and Darling did not share the same opinion with Fraught because they were more based on a humanitarian ground than the governor. They preferred to be on the side of the slaves against the slave owners. Deckhand Napalm notes that: According to Hall and Darling, even the legal authorities favored the illicit slave trade and the slave owners, most Of them having vested interests in slave property. As staunch abolitionists, both Hall and Darling had pitied the deplorable lot of the poor laves who traveled in awful situations and conditions to be sold to slave owners and be mall treated by slave drivers. The loading of slave ship was then under the supervision of an official who was equipped with a heavy club, generally known as the packer. Deckhand Napalm quotes that: According to James Prior, even the ass was exempted from such heavy duties, hence these human beings had to undergo worse treatment than the asses The administration of Hall and Darling in Mauritius were the source of discontent among the colonist and this caused uproar. This was why Fraught was ailed back again to the pleasure of the colonists. Fraught did not accept the allegation made by Hall and Darling in his dealings with the unlawful trade of slavery. Fraught agreed that he did not deny that there had been some cases of slave trading during his administration, but Anthony Barker argues that he was able to point out to memoranda from early in his governorship in which he had stressed the difficulty of strict policing of slave trade if the conquered planter elite were to be reconciled to British rule. He could also point to his own enthusiasm for abolition after 181 5, mistreated publicly by his antislavery treaties with native potentates and privately in correspondence with the most eminent of abolitionists. This led Fraught, shortly, in 1 822, to conclude a treaty with the Grand Imam of Muscat, asking him to stop selling slaves to slave traders. The treaty with the Imam of Muscat was conducted on the 10th Of September 1822. Its aims and objectives were similar to that of the Malagasy treaty with Radars, the King of Ma dagascar, that is, to abolish slave trade. It consisted mainly of 6 statements of requisitions, with an additional one. They have all en replied positively by the Imam who assured that he would do everything possible to help to combat against slave trading in: Zanzibar, and throughout all the dominions and dependencies of the alum of Muscat, on the coasts of Arabia, Africa Also: British cruisers have authority to seize all Arab vessels that may be found laden with slaves to the eastward of the island of Actors, and on to Did Head, being the western extremity of the Gulf of Cymbal; or that may be found carrying slaves to or from Madagascar, or in the seas adjacent Fraught, finding himself in chaotic situations, had to recourse to a treaty to rove that he was for the unlawful trade of slavery and this was maybe why he renewed such a treaty with the Imam of Muscat. Recently, with the accusations of Hall and Darling, his position at the British Parliament is under attack, and consequently weak. This treaty might be a sort kind of help for him if ever he would be accused of helping or involving in slave trading. By this, we can deduce that Fraught was a man of tactic. In 1818, the Duke of Richer informed the British Government that thousands of slaves were illegally introduced in Mauritius.Despite the fact that the authorities were ware of those illegal transactions going on, nothing was being done to stop them as Deckhand Napalm quotes that: Fraught was the favorite of the Regent Prince of England. It was General Hall as well as the Commissary of Police who fed the Anti-Slavery Society with information concerning slaves and slavery in Mauritius. Royal Commission Of Enquiry In 1823 And The Amelioration Policy The members of the Anti-Slavery Society, upon being fed with information that Mauritius was introducing illegal slaves, tried to convince d the British Government to set up a Royal Commission of Enquiry to enquire about the conditions and treatment of the slaves in British colonies. The commission was to throw light on the reality prevailing in the colonies to the advantages of the slaves and to the inconveniences of slave masters. Also, something important to mention is that there has been the Amelioration Policy. The Abolition of slave trade was intended to encourage the masters to improve the conditions of the slaves. The abolitionists led by William Wildflower in Britain argued that slaves died young because of bad living and working condition. The slave masters did not care much about the death of laves because it was easy to import slaves and to replace them with those who died. If the slave masters could not import slaves, thus they would have to see it that their slaves lived longer.Hence, they would have to provide for better living and working conditions Amelioration Policy: Measures Aims I Response and Results I Slave Trade Abolish Force masters to better the conditions of the slaves I Illegal slave trade continued up to 1820 Registration of all slave s in the Island Check the number of slaves introduced illegally I Slave owners falsified the figures Laws making certain practices illegal, for example, logging of women slaves To make conditions of the slaves more humane Measures rarely put into practice Appointment of an English man as Protector of Slaves To look after the welfare of the slaves and to punish masters who broke the laws The Judges, the Magistrates and the lawyers boycotted the Protectors work I The period from 1823 to 1 825 has been called the amelioration period, where attempts have been made to ameliorate the conditions of slaves. However, some argues that the amelioration policy failed as we can see in the documents of the Protector of Slaves that there were numerous cases of laves complaining to them about their conditions. Also, slavery is something that cannot be ameliorated as it is itself a crime against humanity. Amelioration was to prepare the slaves for freedom, but this whole idea to prepare for freedom is wrong, there some argues that the Amelioration concept was totally wrong. The Quest For Development: The Growth Of Sugar Industry According to Jacques David: The reluctance of the colonists to apply the Slave Trade Felony Act of 1813 was due mainly to the fact that the expansion of sugar led to a demand for more slave labor. So, this was another reason which accounted for the rather persistence of illegal slave trade in Mauritius. On sugar estates, the policy was to increase the labor import of slaves employed by the planters and Jacques David continues to write that: . Hirers switched the slave s from one occupation to another whenever the need was felt. The severe shortage Of labor meant that owners who had slaves could hire them for their own profit. The technological change created a demand for more and more labor. Thus, more field and slaves were needed.